Key points at a glance
- Consider bars for categories, lines for ordered trends and points for relationships.
- Label axes, units and relevant sample sizes.
- Inspect the figure at its actual PDF or print size.
Start with the data relationship
Ask whether you are comparing categories, showing change through time or examining two numerical variables. A bar chart often suits counts across degree programmes. A line chart can show measurements across ordered time points; a scatter plot can display the relationship between two numeric variables. The chart type should make the intended comparison easy.
Use scales honestly
Label axes with variables and units; identify the denominator behind percentages. A truncated bar-chart axis can exaggerate differences. Show uncertainty or case counts where they affect interpretation. An apparently large group difference may be fragile if one group contains only a few observations.
Explain figures in the argument
Refer to each chart in the body and state the main observation without reading out every number. Keep description separate from causal explanation. Captions should identify the content and, where required, the source or your own dataset. A graphic supports an argument; it does not replace one.
Test readability in the exported file
Check text, lines and contrast at the size readers will see or print. Colour should not be the sole way to distinguish groups. Open the final PDF to inspect small labels and busy legends. Simplification often helps more than three-dimensional effects.
Final submission context
Formal details can feel like a separate writing task, but they matter just as much for a printed submission. Anything missing, misplaced or inconsistently formatted in the document will also appear in the bound copy.
Use this guide together with your cover page, table of contents, page numbers, source notes and appendices. Prepare the final PDF for printing and binding only after the complete file has been checked.
Practical check before PDF export
- Do headings, chapter structure and page numbers match?
- Are sources, figures and tables included completely?
- Are required elements such as declarations, appendices or the cover page included where required?
- Did you open and check the final PDF after exporting it?
Checklist
- Matched chart type to the question.
- Labelled axes and units.
- Considered sample size and uncertainty.
- Checked readability in the PDF.
Common mistakes
- Choosing a 3D chart for appearance.
- Using axis limits that overstate differences.
- Adding a chart without discussing it.
Prepare the finished thesis for submission
Once the content and university requirements are checked, review your PDF and the available printing and binding options.
Review printing optionsRelated content
Explore related guidance on thesis structure, sources, formatting and final submission.
Frequently asked questions
What chart shows change over time?
Often a line chart, where ordered time points are meaningfully comparable.
Should every table become a chart?
No. Use the form that communicates the relevant result most clearly.
Is a colour legend enough?
Not always. Clear labels and contrast improve grayscale and accessible reading.