Key points at a glance
- Record searches and counts as they happen.
- Keep duplicates, screening and full-text exclusions distinct.
- Use the appropriate PRISMA 2020 template and reconcile totals.
Decide whether PRISMA fits
PRISMA is a reporting framework for systematic reviews. A narrative overview does not automatically need its flow diagram. Agree the review type and expectations with your supervisor before trying to fill boxes from estimated counts after the work is done.
Record identification and duplicates
For each database, save the date, query and number of records found. Record any additional sources separately when they belong to the design. Remove duplicates transparently: one paper found in two databases is initially two records but only one unique record for screening.
Separate screening from full-text review
Title and abstract screening removes records that clearly fail the criteria. Full-text review then applies the predefined eligibility rules to the remaining reports. Record reasons at the stage required by the diagram, and distinguish unavailable full texts from studies excluded on substance.
Reconcile the figure with the write-up
Check that transitions add up and the final included-study count matches the evidence table and results. Use the official template appropriate to your source routes. The figure explains selection flow; databases, eligibility criteria and quality assessment still need to be described in the methods.
Final submission context
Formal details can feel like a separate writing task, but they matter just as much for a printed submission. Anything missing, misplaced or inconsistently formatted in the document will also appear in the bound copy.
Use this guide together with your cover page, table of contents, page numbers, source notes and appendices. Prepare the final PDF for printing and binding only after the complete file has been checked.
Practical check before PDF export
- Do headings, chapter structure and page numbers match?
- Are sources, figures and tables included completely?
- Are required elements such as declarations, appendices or the cover page included where required?
- Did you open and check the final PDF after exporting it?
Checklist
- Confirmed review design and PRISMA fit.
- Logged searches and duplicates.
- Separated screening and full-text decisions.
- Reconciled diagram with methods and results.
Common mistakes
- Estimating counts after the fact.
- Calling duplicates substantive exclusions.
- Using a diagram alone to claim a systematic review.
Prepare the finished thesis for submission
Once the content and university requirements are checked, review your PDF and the available printing and binding options.
Review printing optionsRelated content
Explore related guidance on thesis structure, sources, formatting and final submission.
Frequently asked questions
Does every thesis need PRISMA?
No. It depends on the review design and programme requirements.
What is a duplicate?
Multiple records for the same publication that are merged before screening.
Where do exclusion reasons go?
Use the appropriate official template; full-text reasons are reported in its designated stage.