Key points at a glance
- Derive the sample requirement from design and analysis.
- Separate target, recruited and analysable cases.
- Report recruitment and limitations openly.
Define the claim before the number
Descriptive surveys, group comparisons and statistical models need different kinds of evidence. Specify the target population, variables and intended analysis first. A sample that supports a broad descriptive view may be inadequate for detecting a small between-group difference.
Discuss statistical assumptions
For hypothesis tests, an a priori power analysis may help. It depends on assumptions about effect size, error probability, desired power and test. Explain those assumptions rather than treating a calculator output as self-justifying. Seek methodological advice for complex designs.
Plan recruitment and missing data
Distinguish people invited from complete and analysable responses. For example, a large overall sample may still be weak for a two-group comparison if one group is scarcely represented. Identify recruitment routes and likely exclusions without promising a response rate you cannot control.
Report what the achieved sample permits
Describe selection, exclusions and final case counts. A convenience sample does not automatically represent all students. If recruitment falls short, explain the implications for precision and interpretation instead of inventing a retroactive threshold.
Final submission context
Formal details can feel like a separate writing task, but they matter just as much for a printed submission. Anything missing, misplaced or inconsistently formatted in the document will also appear in the bound copy.
Use this guide together with your cover page, table of contents, page numbers, source notes and appendices. Prepare the final PDF for printing and binding only after the complete file has been checked.
Practical check before PDF export
- Do headings, chapter structure and page numbers match?
- Are sources, figures and tables included completely?
- Are required elements such as declarations, appendices or the cover page included where required?
- Did you open and check the final PDF after exporting it?
Checklist
- Defined population and analysis.
- Explained sample-size assumptions.
- Accounted for recruitment and exclusions.
- Reported the achieved sample and its limits.
Common mistakes
- Copying a universal minimum from a forum.
- Ignoring uneven group sizes.
- Calling a convenience sample representative.
Prepare the finished thesis for submission
Once the content and university requirements are checked, review your PDF and the available printing and binding options.
Review printing optionsRelated content
Explore related guidance on thesis structure, sources, formatting and final submission.
Frequently asked questions
How many participants do I need?
It depends on your design, expected effect, analysis and claim; plan this with a methods adviser.
Can a small sample be useful?
Yes for some bounded or exploratory aims, but not for claims demanding greater precision.
Do I need a power analysis?
Not for every design; it can be appropriate or required for inferential hypothesis tests.